Society Law and Ethics Notes and Question Answer Unit 3 Class 11

Q1. What is cyber safety?

Answer: Cyber safety refers to the safe and responsible use of the internet to ensure the safety and security of personal information.

Q2. Define identity theft.

Answer: Identity theft is a type of fraud that involves using someone else’s identity (name, personal information) to steal money or gain other benefits.

Q3. What is e-waste?

Answer: E-waste (Electronic Waste) refers to discarded electrical or electronic devices that are no longer functional or needed.

Q4. When was IT Act passed in India?

Answer: The Information Technology Act was passed on 17th October 2000.

Q5. What is cyber stalking?

Answer: Cyber stalking is a form of online harassment where the victim is exposed to repeated unwanted online messages, emails, or social media interactions.

Q6. Define malware.

Answer: Malware (Malicious Software) is any program or file that is harmful to a computer user, including viruses, trojans, spyware, and adware.

Q7. What is a computer virus?

Answer: A computer virus is malicious code that attaches to files and spreads from one computer to another, altering the way a computer operates.

Q8. What is cyber bullying?

Answer: Cyber bullying is harassing, demeaning, or intimidating someone using modern technologies like internet, cell phones, or social networks.

Q9. What is a digital footprint?

Answer: A digital footprint is a trail of data you create while using the internet, including websites visited, emails sent, and information shared.

Q10. What is adware?

Answer: Adware is software that generates revenue by automatically displaying unwanted online advertisements to users.

Q1. Differentiate between virus and trojan horse.

Answer:

• Virus: Attaches to files, needs host program, requires user action to spread, replicates itself
• Trojan: Appears harmless, doesn’t need host, doesn’t replicate, creates backdoors for hackers

Q2. List any four social networking sites.

Answer:

1. Facebook – Social networking
2. Twitter (X) – Microblogging
3. Instagram – Photo/video sharing
4. LinkedIn – Professional networking

Q3. What are the two types of digital footprints?

Answer:

1. Active Digital Footprint: Information deliberately shared by user (posts, comments, uploads)
2. Passive Digital Footprint: Information collected without user’s knowledge (cookies, IP tracking, browsing history)

Q4. Write any four ways to dispose e-waste properly.

Answer:

1. Return to electronic companies through take-back programs
2. Visit e-waste collection centers in your city
3. Donate working devices to schools or NGOs
4. Give to certified e-waste recyclers

Q5. What are gender issues in computer education?

Answer: Gender issues include:

• Preconceived notions that boys are better at technical subjects
• Lack of female role models in technology
• Insufficient encouragement for girls in computer classes
• Not girl-friendly work culture in IT industry

Q6. List four types of malware.

Answer:

1. Virus – Attaches to files and spreads
2. Trojan – Appears harmless but steals data
3. Adware – Shows unwanted advertisements
4. Ransomware – Locks files and demands money

Q7. What are cyber trolls?

Answer: Cyber trolls are derogatory, offensive, or provocative messages/comments posted online to harass or provoke people. They are posted intentionally to disturb or upset individuals or groups on social media or online forums.

Q8. Write four tips for safe web browsing.

Answer:

1. Use antivirus software and firewall
2. Create strong passwords
3. Don’t click suspicious links or download unknown files
4. Keep software and operating system updated

Q9. What is e-waste management?

Answer: E-waste management is the process of properly handling, disposing, reusing, and recycling electronic waste to minimize environmental damage and recover valuable materials from old devices.

Q10. Name two assistive technologies for disabled students.

Answer:

1. Screen Readers (JAWS, NVDA): For visually impaired students to hear screen content
2. Speech Recognition Software: For physically disabled to control computer using voice

Q1. Explain cyber bullying with an example.

Answer:

Definition: Cyber bullying is harassing, demeaning, embarrassing, defaming, or intimidating someone using modern technologies like internet, cell phones, instant messengers, or social networks.

Forms of Cyber Bullying:

• Sending mean or threatening messages
• Spreading false rumors online
• Posting embarrassing photos or videos
• Creating fake profiles to harass someone

Example: A student continuously receives hateful messages on WhatsApp from classmates, who also post embarrassing photos of the student on Instagram without consent. This causes emotional distress and affects the student’s mental health and academic performance.

Q2. Write six practices to ensure confidentiality of information.

Answer:

1. Use Firewall: Install and enable firewall protection
2. Control Browser Settings: Block tracking cookies
3. Browse Privately: Use incognito mode for sensitive activities
4. Be Careful with Posts: Don’t share personal information publicly
5. Ensure Safe Sites: Check for HTTPS and padlock icon
6. Handle Emails Carefully: Don’t open suspicious attachments

Q3. What is IT Act 2000? Write its importance.

Answer:

IT Act 2000: The Information Technology Act, 2000 is India’s primary law dealing with cybercrime and electronic commerce, notified on 17th October 2000.

Importance:

• Provides legal recognition to electronic transactions
• Facilitates e-commerce and e-governance
• Prevents computer-based crimes and cybercrimes
• Penalizes cyber criminals and violators
• Regulates digital signatures and certification authorities
• Protects citizens from online frauds and harassment

Q4. Explain malware and its types.

Answer:

Malware: Malware (Malicious Software) is any harmful program designed to damage computers, steal data, or disrupt operations.

Types of Malware:

• Virus: Attaches to files, replicates, spreads to other computers
• Trojan: Appears harmless, creates backdoors, steals information
• Adware: Displays unwanted advertisements, slows system
• Spyware: Secretly monitors user activity, collects personal data
• Ransomware: Encrypts files, demands money to unlock them
• Worm: Self-replicates, spreads across networks without user action

Q5. How can we handle gender issues in computer education?

Answer:

Solutions to Gender Issues:

• Initiative Programs: Organize special computer workshops and scholarships for girls
• Fair Media Representation: Show more female role models in tech on TV and movies
• Classroom Support: Teachers should give equal attention and assistance to all students
• Awareness Campaigns: Break gender stereotypes through education and counseling
• Mentorship Programs: Connect girl students with successful women in technology
• Safe Environment: Create comfortable and encouraging learning spaces for girls

Q1. Explain e-waste management in detail with disposal methods.

Answer:

E-Waste: Electronic waste refers to discarded electrical or electronic devices that are no longer functional, needed, or have become obsolete due to technological advancements.

Why E-Waste Management is Important:

• Contains toxic materials (lead, mercury, cadmium) harmful to health
• Pollutes soil and water if not disposed properly
• Valuable materials can be recovered and recycled
• Growing rapidly – India generates 3.2 million tonnes annually

E-Waste Disposal Methods:

1. Return to Manufacturers: Many companies (Apple, Samsung, Dell) have take-back programs where old devices can be returned
2. E-Waste Collection Centers: Drop off e-waste at authorized collection centers established by municipal corporations
3. Civic Institutions: Participate in e-waste collection drives organized by government bodies
4. Donation: Donate working but outdated devices to schools, NGOs, or underprivileged communities
5. Sell/Exchange: Sell old devices to second-hand dealers or use exchange offers when buying new devices
6. Certified Recyclers: Hand over broken devices to government-approved e-waste recycling facilities
7. Proper Dismantling: Professional recyclers safely extract valuable materials and dispose toxic substances properly

3R Principle:

• Reduce: Buy only necessary devices, use for longer duration
• Reuse: Repurpose old devices for different uses
• Recycle: Give broken devices to authorized recyclers

Q2. What is cyber crime? Explain different types of cyber crimes.

Answer:

Cyber Crime: Any criminal offense that is facilitated by or involves the use of electronic communications or information systems, including computers, mobile devices, or the internet.

Types of Cyber Crimes:

1. Identity Theft:

• Stealing personal information (name, passwords, credit card details)
• Using someone else’s identity for financial gain or fraud
• Example: Creating fake accounts using others’ information

2. Hacking:

• Unauthorized access to computer systems or networks
• Stealing data, passwords, or confidential information
• Example: Breaking into company databases

3. Cyber Stalking:

• Repeatedly harassing someone online
• Sending unwanted messages, threats, or following online activities
• Example: Continuous threatening messages on social media

4. Cyber Bullying:

• Harassing, embarrassing, or defaming someone using technology
• Spreading rumors, posting embarrassing content
• Example: Creating fake profiles to insult someone

5. Phishing:

• Fraudulent attempts to obtain sensitive information
• Fake emails/websites pretending to be legitimate organizations
• Example: Fake bank emails asking for passwords

6. Ransomware Attacks:

• Encrypting victim’s files and demanding money
• System becomes unusable until ransom is paid
• Example: WannaCry ransomware attack

7. Online Financial Fraud:

• Credit/debit card fraud, online shopping scams
• Fake lottery winnings, investment schemes
• Example: Fake website stealing banking details

8. Cyber Terrorism:

• Using internet to threaten national security
• Hacking critical infrastructure, spreading propaganda
• Most serious form punishable with life imprisonment

Q3. Write in detail about IT Act 2000 and its important sections.

Answer:

Information Technology Act, 2000:

The IT Act is India’s primary law dealing with cybercrime and electronic commerce, notified on 17th October 2000 and amended in 2008.

Objectives:

• Legal recognition to electronic transactions and digital signatures
• Facilitate e-commerce and e-governance
• Prevent computer-based crimes
• Penalize cyber criminals

Important Sections:

Section 43: Penalty for damage to computer systems

• Unauthorized access, data theft, virus introduction
• Compensation up to ₹1 crore

Section 66: Computer hacking

• Unauthorized access with intent to commit crime
• Punishment: Up to 3 years + ₹5 lakh fine

Section 66C: Identity theft

• Using another person’s password/digital signature fraudulently
• Punishment: Up to 3 years + ₹1 lakh fine

Section 66D: Cheating by personation

• Using computer to impersonate and cheat
• Punishment: Up to 3 years + ₹1 lakh fine

Section 66E: Violation of privacy

• Publishing private images without consent
• Punishment: Up to 3 years + ₹2 lakh fine

Section 66F: Cyber terrorism

• Threatening security or unity of India
• Punishment: Up to life imprisonment

Section 67: Publishing obscene material

• First conviction: 3 years + ₹5 lakh
• Second conviction: 5 years + ₹10 lakh

Section 67B: Child pornography

• Publishing/predating children online
• Punishment: Up to 5-7 years + ₹10 lakh fine

Q4. Explain various disability issues in computer education with solutions.

Answer:

Disability Issues:

1. Unavailability of Teaching Materials/Aids:

• No Braille keyboards for visually impaired
• Missing screen readers and text-to-speech software
• No subtitles in videos for hearing impaired
• Inadequate adaptive hardware devices

2. Lack of Special Needs Teachers:

• Regular teachers not trained for special education
• Shortage of specialized computer science educators
• No sign language interpreters available

3. Lack of Supporting Curriculum:

• Curriculum not designed with accessibility in mind
• Exams not adapted for different disabilities
• Practical assignments not modified

4. Infrastructure Barriers:

• Labs not wheelchair accessible
• Furniture not adjustable
• Poor lighting and ventilation

Solutions:

1. Prepare Adequate Teaching Aids:

• Visual Impairment: Braille keyboards, screen readers (JAWS, NVDA), audio books, text-to-speech
• Hearing Impairment: Sign language interpreters, subtitled videos, visual alerts
• Physical Disability: Voice recognition, ergonomic keyboards, trackball mice, adjustable furniture
• Learning Disabilities: Extra time, simplified instructions, one-on-one support

2. Employ Special Needs Teachers:

• Hire trained special education teachers
• Provide training to existing teachers
• Employ teaching assistants
• Conduct workshops on inclusive teaching

3. Design Inclusive Curriculum:

• Accommodate all learning styles
• Provide alternative assessment methods
• Allow extra time in exams
• Offer practical alternatives (oral tests, projects)

4. Infrastructure Improvements:

• Make labs wheelchair accessible
• Install adjustable height tables
• Ensure proper lighting
• Create quiet spaces for students with autism

5. Use Assistive Technology:

• Screen readers and magnifiers
• Speech recognition software
• Alternative input devices
• Specialized software for different needs

Q5. What is identity protection? Write measures to protect identity online.

Answer:

Identity Protection: Protection against theft of personal information over cyberspace without consent, usually for financial gain or fraudulent purposes.

Identity Theft: Using someone else’s personal information (name, passwords, credit card details) to commit fraud, steal money, or impersonate online.

Measures to Protect Identity Online:

1. Use Strong Passwords:

• Combination of uppercase, lowercase, numbers, special characters
• Minimum 8-12 characters long
• Different passwords for different accounts
• Change passwords regularly
• Use password manager apps

2. Enable Two-Factor Authentication (2FA):

• Add extra security layer beyond password
• Use OTP, biometric, or authentication apps
• Enable on email, banking, social media accounts

3. Be Careful with Personal Information:

• Don’t share Aadhaar, PAN, credit card details publicly
• Avoid posting birthdates, addresses on social media
• Check privacy settings on all platforms
• Don’t overshare personal details online

4. Secure Internet Connection:

• Use firewall and antivirus software
• Avoid public WiFi for banking/sensitive activities
• Use VPN when on public networks
• Enable WPA2/WPA3 encryption on home WiFi

5. Safe Browsing Practices:

• Check for HTTPS and padlock icon
• Don’t click suspicious links in emails
• Verify website authenticity before entering details
• Use private/incognito mode for sensitive activities

6. Monitor Your Accounts:

• Regularly check bank statements
• Review credit card transactions
• Set up alerts for account activities
• Report suspicious activities immediately

7. Be Cautious with Emails:

• Don’t open attachments from unknown senders
• Be wary of urgent/threatening emails
• Banks never ask for passwords via email
• Verify sender’s email address carefully

8. Use Security Software:

• Install reputed antivirus and anti-malware
• Keep security software updated
• Enable firewall protection
• Scan devices regularly

9. Regular Backups:

• Keep backup of important documents
• Store on external drives or cloud
• Encrypt sensitive backups

10. Educate Yourself:

• Stay updated about new scams
• Learn about phishing techniques
• Understand latest security threats
• Follow cybersecurity best practices